The Great Houses · as a tree · 136 rulers, 69 descent links

The Evidence Tree

A family tree is confident by construction: every line asserts a descent. This one is not. A line is only as thick as the page it was read from, a contested link is dashed, and where no page gives a parent there is no line. Beside every ruler is a slot for his mother. Of the 136 rulers in fifteen houses, four have a mother the archive holds as a person, one a mother named on the page, two a mother mentioned without a name, and 129 nothing at all. The row of empty slots is the finding.

The Deccan 3 houses

The evidence tree of the Deccan houses and BhopalEach person is a box; descent lines are as thick as their evidence and dashed when contested; a small slot beside every ruler shows whether the sources give a mother; people no page places stand on a shelf below.THE SHELF · people whose parent no page read gives; each is tethered to the ruler who came before by the succession record, which is attestedmarriage · undated: a daughter → Burhan Nizam Shah Ia daughtermarriage · undated: Chand Bibi → Ali Adil Shah IChand Bibimarriage · 1564: Beeby Jumally → Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali1564 · Beeby Jumallymarriage · 1586: Mullika Jehan → Ibrahim Adil Shah II1586 · Mullika JehanBijapur9 rulers · 5 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 1 named, 0 mentioned, 8 nothingismail-adil-shah: son of yusuf-adil-shah · page imagemallu-adil-shah: son of ismail-adil-shah · page imageibrahim-adil-shah-i: son of ismail-adil-shah · page imageali-adil-shah-i: son of ibrahim-adil-shah-i · page imagesikandar-adil-shah: son of ali-adil-shah-ii · corpusibrahim-adil-shah-ii followed ali-adil-shah-i by minority; his parent is not on any page readmuhammad-adil-shah followed ibrahim-adil-shah-ii by designation; his parent is not on any page readali-adil-shah-ii followed muhammad-adil-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readYusuf Adil Shah · 1490–1510 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readYusuf1490–1510 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Ismail Adil Shah · 1510–1534 · minority · mother: Booboojee Khanum (vol. III, p. 76) · regent: Kamal Khan DeccanyIsmail1510–1534 · minoritymother: Booboojee Khanum●regent Kamal Khan Deccany 1510–1511Mallu Adil Shah · 1534 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readMallu1534 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Ibrahim Adil Shah I · 1534–1558 · deposition · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim I1534–1558 · depositionmother: nothing on the pages read●Ali Adil Shah I · 1558–1580 · election · mother: nothing on any page readAli I1558–1580 · electionmother: nothing on the pages read◦Ibrahim Adil Shah II · 1580–1627 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim II1580–1627 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read●Muhammad Adil Shah · 1627–1656 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad1627–1656 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read15·Ali Adil Shah II · 1656–1672 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAli II1656–1672 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read18·Sikandar Adil Shah · 1672–1686 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readSikandar1672–1686 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read◦Ahmadnagar13 rulers · 7 with a parent read · mothers: 1 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 12 nothingburhan-nizam-shah-i: son of malik-ahmad-nizam-shah-i · page imagehusain-nizam-shah-i: son of burhan-nizam-shah-i · page imagemurtaza-nizam-shah-i: son of husain-nizam-shah-i · page image · Ferishta names the mother on the page read and the father by implication (p.chand-bibi: daughter of husain-nizam-shah-i · page image · Ferishta gives the sibling, not the parent: Kishwar Khan accused her of instigating "her brother, Moortuza Nizam Shah".miran-husain-nizam-shah: son of murtaza-nizam-shah-i · page imageismail-nizam-shah: son of burhan-nizam-shah-ii · page imageibrahim-nizam-shah: son of burhan-nizam-shah-ii · page imagebahadur-nizam-shah: son of ibrahim-nizam-shah · page imageburhan-nizam-shah-ii followed ismail-nizam-shah by deposition; his parent is not on any page readahmad-nizam-shah-ii followed ibrahim-nizam-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readmurtaza-nizam-shah-ii followed bahadur-nizam-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readhusain-nizam-shah-iii followed murtaza-nizam-shah-ii by installation; his parent is not on any page readmurtaza-nizam-shah-iii followed husain-nizam-shah-iii by installation; his parent is not on any page readMalik Ahmad Nizam Shah I · 1490–1510 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readMalik Ahmad I1490–1510 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Burhan Nizam Shah I · 1510–1553 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readBurhan I1510–1553 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read7●Husain Nizam Shah I · 1553–1565 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readHusain I1553–1565 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Murtaza Nizam Shah I · 1565–1588 · minority · mother: Khunza HumayunMurtaza I1565–1588 · minoritymother: Khunza Humayun◦Miran Husain Nizam Shah · 1588–1589 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Husain1588–1589 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read·Ismail Nizam Shah · 1589–1591 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readIsmail1589–1591 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read12◐Burhan Nizam Shah II · 1591–1595 · deposition · mother: nothing on any page readBurhan II1591–1595 · depositionmother: nothing on the pages read●Ibrahim Nizam Shah · 1595 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim1595 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Ahmad Nizam Shah II, son of Shah Tahir · 1595–1596 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAhmad Nizam Shah II, son of Shah Tahir1595–1596 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read12◦Bahadur Nizam Shah · 1596–1600 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readBahadur1596–1600 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read·Murtaza Nizam Shah II · 1600–1632 · installation · mother: nothing on any page read · regent: Malik AmbarMurtaza II1600–1632 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·regent Malik AmbarHusain Nizam Shah III · 1632–1633 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readHusain III1632–1633 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Murtaza Nizam Shah III · 1633–1636 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMurtaza III1633–1636 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Burhan Nizam Shah III · 1610–1631 · accession not read: Bosworth’s table (read) prints “1019/1610 Burhān III” and nothing more; the 1884 Ahmadnagar Gazetteer and Ferishta carry Malik Ambar’s king as Murtaza II with no change in 1610 at all; Elliot & Dowson VI, Sarkar IV, Cousens and Nazim were searched and none narrates it. The numbering itself is the dispute. · mother: nothing on any page readBurhan III1610–1631Chand Bibi · mother: nothing on any page readChand BibiGolconda7 rulers · 3 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 1 mentioned, 6 nothingjamsheed-quli-qutb-shah: son of sultan-quli-qutb-shah · page image · contested · A son beyond dispute; WHICH son is not.ibrahim-quli-qutb-shah: son of sultan-quli-qutb-shah · page imagesubhan-quli-qutb-shah: son of jamsheed-quli-qutb-shah · OCR texthayat-bakshi-begum: daughter of muhammad-quli-qutb-shah · corpus · The link that carried the throne twice.muhammad-quli-qutb-shah followed ibrahim-quli-qutb-shah by election; his parent is not on any page readabdullah-qutb-shah followed muhammad-quli-qutb-shah by minority; his parent is not on any page readabul-hasan-tana-shah followed abdullah-qutb-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readSultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk · 1518–1543 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readSultan Quli1518–1543 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah · 1543–1550 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readJamsheed Quli1543–1550 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Subhan Quli Qutb Shah · 1550 · minority · mother: unnamed on the page (vol. III, p. 390)Subhan Quli1550 · minoritymother: mentioned, unnamed7◐Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali · 1550–1580 · deposition · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim Quli1550–1580 · depositionmother: nothing on the pages read●Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah · 1580–1626 · election · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad Quli1580–1626 · electionmother: nothing on the pages read14●Abdullah Qutb Shah · 1626–1672 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readAbdullah1626–1672 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read·Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Tana Shah) · 1672–1687 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAbul Hasan1672–1687 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Muhammad Qutb Shah · 1612–1626 · accession not read: The successor is now named — Sherwani (p. 69, read): Muhammad Amin’s son “Sultan Muhammad became Muhammad-Quli’s son-in-law and successor” — and Ferishta (p. 483, read) has only “the coronation of the young king”. No page yet states by what means. · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad1612–1626Hayat Bakshi Begum · mother: nothing on any page readHayat Bakshi Begum
Line width is evidence: thick, a page image read; middle, OCR text; thin, the archive’s own corpus. Dashed is contested. The small ring where a line meets a box marks a mother. The slot at the top-left of each ruler is the mother: filled, linked as an entity; outlined with a name, named on the page; outlined empty, mentioned without a name; a dotted square, nothing. The bar is the reign to scale (50 years = full width), the numeral the age at accession, the mark the exit.

Delhi and the north 8 houses

The evidence tree of the Deccan houses and BhopalEach person is a box; descent lines are as thick as their evidence and dashed when contested; a small slot beside every ruler shows whether the sources give a mother; people no page places stand on a shelf below.THE SHELF · people whose parent no page read gives; each is tethered to the ruler who came before by the succession record, which is attestedDelhi — the Slave Kings11 rulers · 7 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 1 mentioned, 10 nothingaram-shah: child of qutb-ud-din-aibak (father) · page imagerukn-ud-din-firuz: child of iltutmish (father) · page imagerazia-sultana: child of iltutmish (father) · page imagemuizuddin-bahram-shah: child of iltutmish (father) · page imagenasiruddin-mahmud-shah: child of iltutmish (father) · page imagealauddin-masud-shah: child of rukn-ud-din-firuz (father) · page imagekayumars: child of muizuddin-kaiqubad (father) · OCR textiltutmish followed aram-shah by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readghiyas-ud-din-balban followed nasiruddin-mahmud-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readmuizuddin-kaiqubad followed ghiyas-ud-din-balban by installation; his parent is not on any page readQutb-ud-din Aibak · 1205–1210 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readQutb-ud-din Aibak1205–1210 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read·Aram Shah · 1210–1211 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readAram Shah1210–1211 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◐Shams-ud-din Iltutmish · 1211–1236 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readShams-ud-din Iltutmish1211–1236 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read·Rukn-ud-din Firuz · 1236 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readRukn-ud-din Firuz1236 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Razia Sultana · 1236–1240 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readRazia Sultana1236–1240 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Muizuddin Bahram Shah · 1240–1242 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMuizuddin Bahram Shah1240–1242 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Alauddin Masud Shah · 1242–1246 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAlauddin Masud Shah1242–1246 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah · 1246–1266 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readNasiruddin Mahmud Shah1246–1266 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Ghiyas-ud-din Balban · 1266–1287 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readGhiyas-ud-din Balban1266–1287 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Muizuddin Kaiqubad · 1287–1290 · installation · mother: unnamed on the page (vol. I, p. 273-274)Muizuddin Kaiqubad1287–1290 · installationmother: mentioned, unnamed18·Kayumars · 1290 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readKayumars1290 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read3◦Delhi — the Khaljis5 rulers · 2 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 5 nothingshihab-ud-din-umar: child of ala-ud-din-khalji (father) · page imagequtb-ud-din-mubarak-shah: child of ala-ud-din-khalji (father) · page imageala-ud-din-khalji followed jalaluddin-firuz-khalji by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readkhusrau-khan followed qutb-ud-din-mubarak-shah by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readJalaluddin Firuz Khalji · 1288–1296 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readJalaluddin Firuz Khalji1288–1296 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read70◦Alauddin Khalji · 1296–1316 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readAlauddin Khalji1296–1316 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Shihabuddin Umar · 1316–1317 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readShihabuddin Umar1316–1317 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read7◦Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah · 1317–1321 · deposition · mother: nothing on any page readQutbuddin Mubarak Shah1317–1321 · depositionmother: nothing on the pages read◦Khusrau Khan · 1321 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readKhusrau Khan1321 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Delhi — the Tughluqs10 rulers · 7 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 10 nothingmuhammad-bin-tughluq: child of ghiyasuddin-tughluq (father) · page image · Named heir-apparent (Mullik Fukhr-ood-Deen Joona, title Aluf Khan) on p.402; ascends as 'his eldest son' on p.409; also plate facing p.401 (node 2, son of node 1).futteh-khan: child of firuz-shah-tughluq (father) · page image · Futteh Khan (never reigned) is Firuz Shah's eldest son; father of rulers Tughluq Shah II and Nusrat Shah.nasiruddin-muhammad-tughluq: child of firuz-shah-tughluq (father) · page image · Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Toghluk II first ascended 'in his father's lifetime' in 1387; plate facing p.401 shows him (node 6) as a son of Feroze (node 3).zuffur-khan: child of firuz-shah-tughluq (father) · page image · Zuffur Khan (never reigned), third son of Firuz Shah; father of Abu Bakr.tughluq-shah-ii: child of futteh-khan (father) · page imagenusrat-shah-tughluq: child of futteh-khan (father) · page imagesikandar-shah-tughluq: child of nasiruddin-muhammad-tughluq (father) · page imagenasiruddin-mahmud-tughluq: child of nasiruddin-muhammad-tughluq (father) · page imageabu-bakr-shah-tughluq: child of zuffur-khan (father) · page imagefiruz-shah-tughluq followed muhammad-bin-tughluq by designation; his parent is not on any page readdaulat-khan-lodi followed nusrat-shah-tughluq by election; his parent is not on any page readGhiyas-ud-din Tughluq · 1321–1325 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readGhiyas-ud-din Tughluq1321–1325 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read·Muhammad bin Tughluq · 1325–1351 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad bin Tughluq1325–1351 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Firuz Shah Tughluq · 1351–1388 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readFiruz Shah Tughluq1351–1388 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read●Tughluq Shah II · 1388–1389 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readTughluq Shah II1388–1389 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq · 1389–1390 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAbu Bakr Shah Tughluq1389–1390 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughluq II · 1390–1394 · restoration · mother: nothing on any page readNasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughluq II1390–1394 · restorationmother: nothing on the pages read●Sikandar Shah Tughluq · 1394 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readSikandar Shah Tughluq1394 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Tughluq · 1394 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readNasir-ud-din Mahmud Tughluq1394 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read●Nusrat Shah Tughluq · 1394–1412 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readNusrat Shah Tughluq1394–1412 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Daulat Khan Lodi · 1412–1414 · election · mother: nothing on any page readDaulat Khan Lodi1412–1414 · electionmother: nothing on the pages read◦Fath Khan · mother: nothing on any page readFath KhanZafar Khan · mother: nothing on any page readZafar KhanJaunpur6 rulers · 3 with a parent read · mothers: 1 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 5 nothingmubarak-shah-sharqi: son of malik-sarwar (father) · page image · Briggs: "he was succeeded by his adopted son, Mullik Kurrunful" — adoptive, not blood, relation.mahmud-shah-sharqi: son of ibrahim-shah-sharqi (father) · page imagemuhammad-shah-sharqi: son of mahmud-shah-sharqi (father) · page imageibrahim-shah-sharqi followed mubarak-shah-sharqi by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readhusain-shah-sharqi followed muhammad-shah-sharqi by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readMalik Sarwar · 1394–1399 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readMalik Sarwar1394–1399 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read·Mubarak Shah Sharqi · 1399–1401 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMubarak Shah Sharqi1399–1401 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Ibrahim Shah Sharqi · 1401–1440 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim Shah Sharqi1401–1440 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Mahmud Shah Sharqi · 1440–1457 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Shah Sharqi1440–1457 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Muhammad Shah Sharqi · 1457–1458 · inheritance · mother: Bibi RajiMuhammad Shah Sharqi1457–1458 · inheritancemother: Bibi Raji◦Husain Shah Sharqi · 1458–1476 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readHusain Shah Sharqi1458–1476 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Delhi — the Sayyids4 rulers · 3 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 4 nothingmubarak-shah: child of khizr-khan (father) · page imagemuhammad-shah: child of mubarak-shah (father) · page image · contested · Briggs's own text disagrees on this page pair: one passage calls the new king 'Mahomed, one of the grandsons of Khizr Khan' (p.530, implying an unnamed father who was another son of Khizr Khan, i.e.alam-shah: child of muhammad-shah (father) · page imageKhizr Khan · 1414–1421 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readKhizr Khan1414–1421 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Mubarak Shah · 1421–1435 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readMubarak Shah1421–1435 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Muhammad Shah · 1435–1445 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad Shah1435–1445 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read●Alam Shah · 1445–1450 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readAlam Shah1445–1450 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Delhi — the Lodis3 rulers · 2 with a parent read · mothers: 1 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 2 nothingsikandar-lodi: child of bahlul-lodi (father) · page image · Bahlul named his son Nizam Khan (later Sikandar) heir and successor.ibrahim-lodi: child of sikandar-lodi (father) · page imageBahlul Lodi · 1450–1488 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readBahlul Lodi1450–1488 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Sikandar Lodi · 1488–1517 · designation · mother: ZeinaSikandar Lodi1488–1517 · designationmother: Zeina●Ibrahim Lodi · 1517–1526 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim Lodi1517–1526 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●The Mughals3 rulers · 2 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 3 nothinghumayun: child of babur (father) · page image · Named on p.64: Babur 'recalled his son, Prince Hoomayoon' on his deathbed.akbar: child of humayun (father) · page image · Named on p.182: the chiefs sent word 'to acquaint his son Akbur of the accident.'Babur · 1526–1530 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readBabur1526–1530 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read·Humayun · 1555–1556 · restoration · mother: nothing on any page readHumayun1555–1556 · restorationmother: nothing on the pages read·Akbar · 1556–1605 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAkbar1556–1605 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read13·Delhi — the Surs6 rulers · 2 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 6 nothingislam-shah-suri: son of sher-shah-suri (father) · page image · Julal Khan (Islam/Sulim Shah) was Sher Shah's younger son; the elder son Adil Khan Soor, whom Sher Shah had named his successor, was bypassed.firuz-shah-suri: son of islam-shah-suri (father) · page imagemuhammad-adil-shah-suri followed firuz-shah-suri by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readsikandar-shah-suri followed muhammad-adil-shah-suri by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readibrahim-shah-suri followed sikandar-shah-suri by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readSher Shah Suri · 1540–1545 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readSher Shah Suri1540–1545 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Islam Shah Suri · 1545–1548 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readIslam Shah Suri1545–1548 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read●Firuz Shah Suri · 1548 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readFiruz Shah Suri1548 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read12◦Muhammad Adil Shah Suri · 1548–1554 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad Adil Shah Suri1548–1554 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Sikandar Shah Suri · 1554 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readSikandar Shah Suri1554 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Ibrahim Shah Suri · 1554 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim Shah Suri1554 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◐
Line width is evidence: thick, a page image read; middle, OCR text; thin, the archive’s own corpus. Dashed is contested. The small ring where a line meets a box marks a mother. The slot at the top-left of each ruler is the mother: filled, linked as an entity; outlined with a name, named on the page; outlined empty, mentioned without a name; a dotted square, nothing. The bar is the reign to scale (50 years = full width), the numeral the age at accession, the mark the exit.

Gujarat, Malwa and Khandesh 4 houses

The evidence tree of the Deccan houses and BhopalEach person is a box; descent lines are as thick as their evidence and dashed when contested; a small slot beside every ruler shows whether the sources give a mother; people no page places stand on a shelf below.THE SHELF · people whose parent no page read gives; each is tethered to the ruler who came before by the succession record, which is attestedKhandesh13 rulers · 8 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 13 nothingnasir-khan: child of malik-raja (father) · page imagemiran-adil-khan-i: child of nasir-khan (father) · page imagemiran-mubarik-khan-i: child of miran-adil-khan-i (father) · page imageadil-khan-ii: child of miran-mubarik-khan-i (father) · page imageghazni-khan: child of daud-khan (father) · page imagemiran-muhammad-shah-i: child of adil-khan-iii (father) · page imagemiran-muhammad-shah-ii: child of mubarak-shah-ii (father) · page imagebahadur-khan: child of raja-ali-khan (father) · page imagedaud-khan followed adil-khan-ii by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readadil-khan-iii followed ghazni-khan by installation; his parent is not on any page readmubarak-shah-ii followed miran-muhammad-shah-i by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readraja-ali-khan followed miran-muhammad-shah-ii by deposition; his parent is not on any page readMalik Raja Faruqi · 1370–1399 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readMalik Raja Faruqi1370–1399 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Nasir Khan Faruqi · 1399–1437 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readNasir Khan Faruqi1399–1437 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read●Miran Adil Khan Faruqi I · 1437–1441 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Adil Khan Faruqi I1437–1441 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Miran Mubarak Khan Faruqi I · 1441–1457 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Mubarak Khan Faruqi I1441–1457 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Adil Khan Faruqi II · 1457–1503 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readAdil Khan Faruqi II1457–1503 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Daud Khan Faruqi · 1503–1510 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readDaud Khan Faruqi1503–1510 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Ghazni Khan Faruqi · 1510 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readGhazni Khan Faruqi1510 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Adil Khan Faruqi III (Azim Homayun) · 1510–1520 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAdil Khan Faruqi III1510–1520 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Miran Muhammad Shah I · 1520–1535 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Muhammad Shah I1520–1535 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Mubarak Shah Faruqi II · 1535–1566 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readMubarak Shah Faruqi II1535–1566 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Miran Muhammad Shah Faruqi II · 1566–1576 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Muhammad Shah Faruqi II1566–1576 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Raja Ali Khan Faruqi · 1576–1596 · deposition · mother: nothing on any page readRaja Ali Khan Faruqi1576–1596 · depositionmother: nothing on the pages read◦Bahadur Khan Faruqi · 1596–1601 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readBahadur Khan Faruqi1596–1601 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Gujarat14 rulers · 0 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 14 nothingahmad-shah-i followed muzaffar-shah-i by designation; his parent is not on any page readmuhammad-shah-ii followed ahmad-shah-i by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readqutbuddin-ahmad-shah-ii followed muhammad-shah-ii by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readdaud-shah followed qutbuddin-ahmad-shah-ii by installation; his parent is not on any page readmahmud-shah-i followed daud-shah by minority; his parent is not on any page readmuzaffar-shah-ii followed mahmud-shah-i by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readsikandar-shah followed muzaffar-shah-ii by designation; his parent is not on any page readmahmud-shah-ii-of-gujarat followed sikandar-shah by installation; his parent is not on any page readbahadur-shah followed mahmud-shah-ii-of-gujarat by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readmiran-muhammad-shah-i followed bahadur-shah by election; his parent is not on any page readmahmud-shah-iii followed miran-muhammad-shah-i by installation; his parent is not on any page readahmad-shah-iii followed mahmud-shah-iii by installation; his parent is not on any page readmuzaffar-shah-iii followed ahmad-shah-iii by installation; his parent is not on any page readMuzaffar Shah I · 1396–1411 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readMuzaffar Shah I1396–1411 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read●Ahmad Shah I · 1411–1443 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readAhmad Shah I1411–1443 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read20●Muhammad Shah II · 1443–1451 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad Shah II1443–1451 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II · 1451–1459 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readQutbuddin Ahmad Shah II1451–1459 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read49·Daud Shah · 1459 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readDaud Shah1459 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Mahmud Shah I (Begada) · 1459–1511 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Shah I1459–1511 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read14●Muzaffar Shah II · 1511–1526 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readMuzaffar Shah II1511–1526 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read41●Sikandar Shah · 1526 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readSikandar Shah1526 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Mahmud Shah II · 1526 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Shah II1526 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Bahadur Shah · 1526–1537 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readBahadur Shah1526–1537 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Miran Muhammad Shah I · 1537–1538 · election · mother: nothing on any page readMiran Muhammad Shah I1537–1538 · electionmother: nothing on the pages read●Mahmud Shah III · 1538–1554 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Shah III1538–1554 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Ahmad Shah III · 1554–1561 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readAhmad Shah III1554–1561 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Muzaffar Shah III · 1561 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readMuzaffar Shah III1561 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Malwa10 rulers · 6 with a parent read · mothers: 0 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 10 nothinghoshang-shah-malwa: son of dilawar-khan-ghuri (father) · page imageghazni-khan-malwa: son of hoshang-shah-malwa (father) · page imageghiyasuddin-khalji-malwa: son of mahmud-khalji-i (father) · page imagenasiruddin-khalji-malwa: son of ghiyasuddin-khalji-malwa (father) · page imagemahmud-khalji-ii: son of nasiruddin-khalji-malwa (father) · page imagebaz-bahadur-malwa: son of shujaat-khan-malwa (father) · page imagemahmud-khalji-i followed ghazni-khan-malwa by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readqadir-shah-malwa followed mahmud-khalji-ii by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readshujaat-khan-malwa followed qadir-shah-malwa by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readDilawar Khan Ghuri · 1401–1405 · foundation · mother: nothing on any page readDilawar Khan Ghuri1401–1405 · foundationmother: nothing on the pages read·Hoshang Shah Ghuri · 1405–1432 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readHoshang Shah Ghuri1405–1432 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◐Ghazni Khan (Sultan Muhammad Ghuri) · 1432–1435 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readGhazni Khan1432–1435 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read●Mahmud Khalji I · 1435–1469 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Khalji I1435–1469 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read34●Ghiyasuddin Khalji · 1469–1500 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readGhiyasuddin Khalji1469–1500 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Nasiruddin Khalji · 1500–1512 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readNasiruddin Khalji1500–1512 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Mahmud Khalji II · 1512–1536 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readMahmud Khalji II1512–1536 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Qadir Shah (Mallu Khan) · 1536–1542 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readQadir Shah1536–1542 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Shujaat Khan (Shuja Khan) · 1542–1555 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readShujaat Khan1542–1555 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Baz Bahadur · 1555–1562 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readBaz Bahadur1555–1562 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read·Bhopal4 women, mother to daughter, every link read from a pagesikandar-begum: daughter of qudsia-begum (mother) · page image · Qudsia Begum (Gohar Begum, widow of Nazar Mahomed) is Sikandar Begum's mother: 'He left one child, the Sikandar Begum' follows the account of Nazar Mahomed's marriage to Gohar Begum and his death; the widow is thereafter named 'the Kudsiah Begum'.shah-jahan-begum: daughter of sikandar-begum (mother) · page image · Stated directly on the death of Shah Jahan's father, and again by the reciprocal 'grandmother'/'great-grandmother' passage in Sultan Jahan Begum's own memoir.sultan-jahan-begum: daughter of shah-jahan-begum (mother) · page image · Stated directly on the death of her father in 1867, and again on her recognition as heir in 1868.Qudsia Begum · 1819–1837 · mother: nothing on any page readQudsia Begum1819–1837 · RegentSikandar Begum · 1847–1868 · mother: Qudsia Begum · regent: Shah Jahan BegumSikandar Begum1847–1868 · Regentmother: Qudsia BegumRuler to 1868Shah Jahan Begum · 1868–1901 · mother: Sikandar Begum · regent: Sikandar BegumShah Jahan Begum1868–1901 · in charge of the Statemother: Sikandar BegumRuler 1868–1901Sultan Jahan Begum · 1901–1926 · mother: Shah Jahan BegumSultan Jahan Begum1901–1926 · Rulermother: Shah Jahan Begum
Line width is evidence: thick, a page image read; middle, OCR text; thin, the archive’s own corpus. Dashed is contested. The small ring where a line meets a box marks a mother. The slot at the top-left of each ruler is the mother: filled, linked as an entity; outlined with a name, named on the page; outlined empty, mentioned without a name; a dotted square, nothing. The bar is the reign to scale (50 years = full width), the numeral the age at accession, the mark the exit.

Kashmir one house

The evidence tree of the Deccan houses and BhopalEach person is a box; descent lines are as thick as their evidence and dashed when contested; a small slot beside every ruler shows whether the sources give a mother; people no page places stand on a shelf below.THE SHELF · people whose parent no page read gives; each is tethered to the ruler who came before by the succession record, which is attestedKashmir22 rulers · 8 with a parent read · mothers: 1 linked, 0 named, 0 mentioned, 21 nothingjamshid-kashmir: child of shams-ud-din-shah-mir (father) · page imagehasan-shah-kashmir: child of haidar-shah-kashmir (father) · page imagemuhammad-shah-kashmir: child of hasan-shah-kashmir (father) · page imageibrahim-shah-kashmir: child of muhammad-shah-kashmir (father) · page imagenazuk-shah-kashmir: child of ibrahim-shah-kashmir (father) · page imagehabib-shah-kashmir: child of ismail-shah-ii-kashmir (father) · page imageyusuf-shah-chak: child of ali-shah-chak (father) · page imageyaqub-shah-chak: child of yusuf-shah-chak (father) · page imageala-ud-din-kashmir followed jamshid-kashmir by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readshihab-ud-din-kashmir followed ala-ud-din-kashmir by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readqutb-ud-din-kashmir followed shihab-ud-din-kashmir by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readsikandar-butshikan followed qutb-ud-din-kashmir by minority; his parent is not on any page readali-shah-kashmir followed sikandar-butshikan by designation; his parent is not on any page readzain-ul-abidin-kashmir followed ali-shah-kashmir by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readhaidar-shah-kashmir followed zain-ul-abidin-kashmir by installation; his parent is not on any page readfath-shah-kashmir followed muhammad-shah-kashmir by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readibrahim-ii-kashmir followed nazuk-shah-kashmir by installation; his parent is not on any page readismail-shah-ii-kashmir followed ibrahim-ii-kashmir by installation; his parent is not on any page readghazi-shah-chak followed habib-shah-kashmir by usurpation; his parent is not on any page readhusain-shah-chak followed ghazi-shah-chak by designation; his parent is not on any page readali-shah-chak followed husain-shah-chak by inheritance; his parent is not on any page readShams-ud-din (Shah Mir) · 1326–1349 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readShams-ud-din1326–1349 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Jamshid · 1349–1351 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readJamshid1349–1351 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◐Ala-ud-din (Ali Sher) · 1351–1363 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readAla-ud-din1351–1363 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Shihab-ud-din (Siamuk) · 1363–1386 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readShihab-ud-din1363–1386 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Qutb-ud-din (Hindal) · 1386–1396 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readQutb-ud-din1386–1396 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read●Sikandar Butshikan · 1396–1416 · minority · mother: Soorut RanySikandar Butshikan1396–1416 · minoritymother: Soorut Rany●Ali Shah · 1416–1422 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readAli Shah1416–1422 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Zain-ul-Abidin · 1422–1472 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readZain-ul-Abidin1422–1472 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Haidar Shah · 1472–1473 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readHaidar Shah1472–1473 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Hasan Shah · 1473–1486 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readHasan Shah1473–1486 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Muhammad Shah · 1486–1496 · minority · mother: nothing on any page readMuhammad Shah1486–1496 · minoritymother: nothing on the pages read7◐Fath Shah · 1496–1525 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readFath Shah1496–1525 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read●Ibrahim Shah · 1525 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim Shah1525 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read·Nazuk Shah · 1525–1552 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readNazuk Shah1525–1552 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Ibrahim (II) · 1552–1555 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readIbrahim1552–1555 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Ismail Shah (II) · 1555–1557 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readIsmail Shah1555–1557 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read●Habib Shah · 1557–1561 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readHabib Shah1557–1561 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◐Ghazi Shah Chak · 1561–1563 · usurpation · mother: nothing on any page readGhazi Shah Chak1561–1563 · usurpationmother: nothing on the pages read◦Husain Shah Chak · 1563–1569 · designation · mother: nothing on any page readHusain Shah Chak1563–1569 · designationmother: nothing on the pages read◐Ali Shah Chak · 1569–1578 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readAli Shah Chak1569–1578 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read·Yusuf Shah Chak · 1578–1586 · inheritance · mother: nothing on any page readYusuf Shah Chak1578–1586 · inheritancemother: nothing on the pages read◦Yaqub Shah Chak · 1586–1589 · installation · mother: nothing on any page readYaqub Shah Chak1586–1589 · installationmother: nothing on the pages read◦
Line width is evidence: thick, a page image read; middle, OCR text; thin, the archive’s own corpus. Dashed is contested. The small ring where a line meets a box marks a mother. The slot at the top-left of each ruler is the mother: filled, linked as an entity; outlined with a name, named on the page; outlined empty, mentioned without a name; a dotted square, nothing. The bar is the reign to scale (50 years = full width), the numeral the age at accession, the mark the exit.

What the tree holds, and what it refuses

65 of the 136 rulers hang on a descent record; 65 of the 69 links were read from a page image and two are contested. Nobody’s generation is inferred from a succession: a person’s row comes from a parent link or not at all, which is why 91 rulers stand on the shelf. Nobody’s mother is inferred from a pronoun. Bhopal is drawn among the western houses because it is the one house in this archive whose whole chain is women, mother to daughter, three links, every one read from a page.

On the shelf

Marriages not drawn

Every descent link the tree draws, with its evidence
HouseChildRelationParentRoleEvidenceConfidence
BijapurIsmail Adil ShahsonYusuf Adil Shahpage imageattested
BijapurMallu Adil ShahsonIsmail Adil Shahpage imageattested
BijapurIbrahim Adil Shah IsonIsmail Adil Shahpage imageattested
BijapurAli Adil Shah IsonIbrahim Adil Shah Ipage imageattested
BijapurSikandar Adil ShahsonAli Adil Shah IIcorpusattested
AhmadnagarBurhan Nizam Shah IsonMalik Ahmad Nizam Shah Ipage imageattested
AhmadnagarHusain Nizam Shah IsonBurhan Nizam Shah Ipage imageattested
AhmadnagarMurtaza Nizam Shah IsonHusain Nizam Shah Ipage imageattested
AhmadnagarChand BibidaughterHusain Nizam Shah Ipage imageattested
AhmadnagarMiran Husain Nizam ShahsonMurtaza Nizam Shah Ipage imageattested
AhmadnagarIsmail Nizam ShahsonBurhan Nizam Shah IIpage imageattested
AhmadnagarIbrahim Nizam ShahsonBurhan Nizam Shah IIpage imageattested
AhmadnagarBahadur Nizam ShahsonIbrahim Nizam Shahpage imageattested
GolcondaJamsheed Quli Qutb ShahsonSultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulkpage imagecontested
GolcondaIbrahim Quli Qutb Shah WalisonSultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulkpage imageattested
GolcondaSubhan Quli Qutb ShahsonJamsheed Quli Qutb ShahOCR textattested
GolcondaHayat Bakshi BegumdaughterMuhammad Quli Qutb Shahcorpusattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsAram ShahchildQutb-ud-din Aibakfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsRukn-ud-din FiruzchildShams-ud-din Iltutmishfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsRazia SultanachildShams-ud-din Iltutmishfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsMuizuddin Bahram ShahchildShams-ud-din Iltutmishfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsNasiruddin Mahmud ShahchildShams-ud-din Iltutmishfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsAlauddin Masud ShahchildRukn-ud-din Firuzfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the Slave KingsKayumarschildMuizuddin KaiqubadfatherOCR textattested
Delhi — the KhaljisShihabuddin UmarchildAlauddin Khaljifatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the KhaljisQutbuddin Mubarak ShahchildAlauddin Khaljifatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsMuhammad bin TughluqchildGhiyas-ud-din Tughluqfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsFath KhanchildFiruz Shah Tughluqfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsNasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughluq IIchildFiruz Shah Tughluqfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsZafar KhanchildFiruz Shah Tughluqfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsTughluq Shah IIchildFath Khanfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsNusrat Shah TughluqchildFath Khanfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsSikandar Shah TughluqchildNasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughluq IIfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsNasir-ud-din Mahmud TughluqchildNasir-ud-din Muhammad Tughluq IIfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the TughluqsAbu Bakr Shah TughluqchildZafar Khanfatherpage imageattested
JaunpurMubarak Shah SharqisonMalik Sarwarfatherpage imageattested
JaunpurMahmud Shah SharqisonIbrahim Shah Sharqifatherpage imageattested
JaunpurMuhammad Shah SharqisonMahmud Shah Sharqifatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the SayyidsMubarak ShahchildKhizr Khanfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the SayyidsMuhammad ShahchildMubarak Shahfatherpage imagecontested
Delhi — the SayyidsAlam ShahchildMuhammad Shahfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the LodisSikandar LodichildBahlul Lodifatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the LodisIbrahim LodichildSikandar Lodifatherpage imageattested
The MughalsHumayunchildBaburfatherpage imageattested
The MughalsAkbarchildHumayunfatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the SursIslam Shah SurisonSher Shah Surifatherpage imageattested
Delhi — the SursFiruz Shah SurisonIslam Shah Surifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshNasir Khan FaruqichildMalik Raja Faruqifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshMiran Adil Khan Faruqi IchildNasir Khan Faruqifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshMiran Mubarak Khan Faruqi IchildMiran Adil Khan Faruqi Ifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshAdil Khan Faruqi IIchildMiran Mubarak Khan Faruqi Ifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshGhazni Khan FaruqichildDaud Khan Faruqifatherpage imageattested
KhandeshMiran Muhammad Shah IchildAdil Khan Faruqi III (Azim Homayun)fatherpage imageattested
KhandeshMiran Muhammad Shah Faruqi IIchildMubarak Shah Faruqi IIfatherpage imageattested
KhandeshBahadur Khan FaruqichildRaja Ali Khan Faruqifatherpage imageattested
MalwaHoshang Shah GhurisonDilawar Khan Ghurifatherpage imageattested
MalwaGhazni Khan (Sultan Muhammad Ghuri)sonHoshang Shah Ghurifatherpage imageattested
MalwaGhiyasuddin KhaljisonMahmud Khalji Ifatherpage imageattested
MalwaNasiruddin KhaljisonGhiyasuddin Khaljifatherpage imageattested
MalwaMahmud Khalji IIsonNasiruddin Khaljifatherpage imageattested
MalwaBaz BahadursonShujaat Khan (Shuja Khan)fatherpage imageattested
KashmirJamshidchildShams-ud-din (Shah Mir)fatherpage imageattested
KashmirHasan ShahchildHaidar Shahfatherpage imageattested
KashmirMuhammad ShahchildHasan Shahfatherpage imageattested
KashmirIbrahim ShahchildMuhammad Shahfatherpage imageattested
KashmirNazuk ShahchildIbrahim Shahfatherpage imageattested
KashmirHabib ShahchildIsmail Shah (II)fatherpage imageattested
KashmirYusuf Shah ChakchildAli Shah Chakfatherpage imageattested
KashmirYaqub Shah ChakchildYusuf Shah Chakfatherpage imageattested
BhopalSikandar BegumdaughterQudsia Begummotherpage imageattested
BhopalShah Jahan BegumdaughterSikandar Begummotherpage imageattested
BhopalSultan Jahan BegumdaughterShah Jahan Begummotherpage imageattested