Person · r. 1580 – 1627 · born 1571

Ibrahim Adil Shah II

ابراہیم عادل شاہ ثانی

Read them in the original — learn the script through 3 of their verses →

The Bijapur sultan who wrote a book of songs in Dakhni, opened it with an invocation to Saraswati, and let his court call him Jagadguru.

A standing figure in profile against a pale green-blue ground, wearing a plain white jama and a gem-set turban with a pearl-strung sarpech, forearms folded at the waist with both hands resting on a gold-hilted dagger tucked into a red-and-gold sash, small flowering plants painted at his feet and a Persian inscription below the image within a wide gold-flecked floral border (an album page from the Shah Jahan Album) — a court painting of the period, not a likeness.https://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/140008591?rpp=20&pg=2&ft=jahangir&pos=35 (artist: Hashim, active 1620-60) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Draft. This entry is an unreviewed first draft. It has not yet been checked by a subject reviewer — see sources and method.

Kitab-i-Nauras

His *Kitab-i-Nauras* — “Book of Nine Rasas” — is a collection of songs composed to be sung, set within the Indian rasa framework rather than a Persian poetic one, and written in Dakhni.

It opens by invoking Saraswati, the goddess of learning, alongside the Prophet ﷺ. Read carefully it is less a statement of theology than of audience: a ruler addressing the people he actually governed, in the idiom they actually used.

A court, not a doctrine

He was a serious patron of music and of painting, and Bijapur under him produced some of the finest Deccani miniatures — a school with a palette and a mood distinct from Mughal work of the same decades.

It is easy to over-read this as programmatic syncretism. The more defensible reading is a court confident enough in its own position to draw on whatever was locally available.

Connected to

Referred to by

Adil Shahi Dynasty — associated with
Bijapur (Vijayapura) — ruled
Dakhni — associated with
Kitab-i-Nauras — wrote
Ali Adil Shah I — succeeded by
Muhammad Adil Shah — son of
Chand Bibi — associated with

Written about at length

The Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur: Faith, Nauras, and the Great Dome — 16 sources
The Round Dome: Gol Gumbaz, and the Record It Did Not Break — 22 sources

Where this sits

Everything else the archive holds on the topics this entry belongs to.

Bijapur Sultanate

Claims examined

Widely repeated claims that touch this entry, checked against the record.

Was Hyderabad originally called Bhagyanagar, and renamed by Muslim rulers?
The name and the renaming are attested; the goddess is not; and the middle term is genuinely disputed. Persian chronicles from the 1590s, an anonymous Dutch relation of 1614, and English and French travellers down to 1667 all know the city as Bhāgnagar or Bāgnagar, and both Firishta and the anonymous Qutb Shahi-era history John Briggs translated say the ruler called it Bhāgnagar first and changed it to Haidarābād afterwards — so "original name" and "renamed" are the period sources' own words, not a modern invention, and William Foster's Hakluyt note of 1921 says the same in almost the claim's own phrasing. Three things cut the other way. The city was founded new in 1591 by the same ruler in whose reign both names arose, so the conquest framing the claim usually carries has nothing to attach to. Whether Bhāgnagar was ever the official name is genuinely unsettled — Sherwani's coins, Deccan chronicles and the founder's own Dakhni verse point away from it, and William Methwold, who lived in the kingdom and was printed in 1626, gives its two names as Golchonda and Hidraband without mentioning Bāgnagar at all. And the derivation from the goddess Bhagyalakshmi has no period attestation that surfaced in the sources consulted here, which do not include the Telugu, Marathi or Dutch VOC material, and which rest for Telugu on a negative report Sherwani himself limited to his own knowledge in 1967 without systematic archive search. On the meaning the claim is stronger than sceptics allow: bhāg is the ordinary vernacular reflex of Sanskrit bhāgya, "Bhagyanagar" is a Sanskritised respelling of the same word rather than a different name, and "city of fortune" is what V. Ball's 1889 footnote and Narendra Luther's reading of the court's own chronogram both make of it — against which stands the earliest surviving explanation of all, which derives the name from a woman the Mughal sources call a prostitute.
Is Dakhni a distinct language, or a dialect of Urdu?
Every published classification opened for this page files Dakhni as a variety of Hindostani/Urdu — but none of them measures the distance. No intelligibility test, feature-distance metric or lexicostatistical count for Dakhni against Standard Urdu was found in any source opened here, so "structurally one language" is an inference from inherited taxonomy rather than a finding. Against that inheritance stands a documented case of contact-induced convergence reaching the genitive, the pronoun system and the finite verb — which the classification literature opened here has never weighed. The chronology in the claim is right and is not seriously disputed: the Deccan corpus and the name Dakanī precede the name "Urdu" by roughly three centuries, and Dakhni was an elaborated literary standard that was later de-standardised by administrative replacement. The taxonomic question is open, and the strongest scholarly statements of the separate-language position were not read for this page.

Sources

Eaton, R. M. — A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761