Everything on Regional Sultanates 14th–17th c

Appointed viceroy of Gujarat for the Delhi Sultanate in 1391, he proclaimed himself king in AH799/AD1396 and reigned until his death in 1411, when he was succeeded, by his own deathbed nomination, by his grandson Ahmad Shah I.

Grandson of Muzaffar Shah I, he ascended the throne by his grandfather's dying nomination in 1411 and, after a reign Briggs gives as nearly thirty-three years, died naturally at Ahmadabad in 1443, succeeded by his eldest son Muhammad Shah.

Eldest son of Ahmad Shah I, he succeeded his father by ordinary inheritance in 1443 and, after a reign Briggs dates to AH855/Feb 1451, was poisoned by his own queen at his officers' instigation, succeeded by his son Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II.

Son of Muhammad Shah II, known in Briggs's text as Kootb Shah, he succeeded his father in 1451 and died, reportedly by poison, in 1459, after which the throne passed to his uncle Dawood.

Uncle of Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II, he was installed on the throne by the minister Imad-ul-Mulk and the nobility in 1459 but was deposed by the same nobles after seven days for ennobling a household sweeper, succeeded by his nephew Mahmud, aged fourteen.

Nephew of Daud Shah, he was placed on the throne at fourteen after the nobles deposed his uncle in 1459 and, known by the epithet Begada, reigned until his natural death in 1511 in his seventieth year, succeeded by his son Muzaffar Shah II.

Son of Mahmud Shah I, he succeeded his father in 1511 and, after a fifteen-year reign, died naturally in February 1526 having nominated his eldest son Sikandar as heir on his deathbed.

Eldest son of Muzaffar Shah II, he was designated heir by his dying father in February 1526 but was murdered by the minister Imad-ul-Mulk's assassins within three months, succeeded by his younger brother Nasir Khan.

Younger brother of Sikandar Shah, he was installed on the throne by the minister Imad-ul-Mulk under the title Mahmud Shah II after Sikandar's assassination in 1526, but was deposed within about four months when his elder brother Bahadur arrived from Delhi and was acknowledged king by the nobles.

Second son of Muzaffar Shah II, he returned from Delhi to depose his younger brother Mahmud Shah II and was formally crowned in August 1526; he was killed by the Portuguese off Diu in 1537, and, leaving no heir, the throne passed to his nephew Miran Muhammad Shah of Khandesh.

Nephew of Bahadur Shah and ruler of Khandesh, he was invited to the throne by the Gujarat nobles in default of an heir in 1537 but died suddenly within six weeks of his elevation, succeeded by Mahmud, son of the late Bahadur Shah's brother Lutf Khan.

Son of Prince Lutf Khan and nephew of Bahadur Shah, he had been held prisoner at Burhanpur before the Gujarat nobles secured his release and crowned him in 1538; he died in AH961/1554, an event Briggs's cited verse pairs with the deaths of Delhi's Islam Shah and the Deccan's Nizam-ul-Mulk in the same year.

Presented by the minister Etimad Khan as the son of a Prince Ahmad, former governor of Ahmadabad, after Mahmud Shah III died without an heir in 1554, he was installed as a minor under Etimad Khan's tutelage and was found assassinated in 1561, after an eight-year reign Briggs calls weak and inglorious.

Presented by the minister Etimad Khan in 1561 as a concealed son of Mahmud Shah II after Ahmad Shah III's assassination, and recorded by Briggs's own genealogy as a supposititious impostor, he was crowned as a minor while Etimad Khan held power behind him.

Governor of Malwa under the Delhi sultanate who assumed the title of Shah and independent royal state at Dhar in A.H.804/A.D.1401, founding the Malwa sultanate; he died suddenly in A.H.808/A.D.1405, amid an unproven rumour that his eldest son had poisoned him.

Son of Dilawar Khan Ghuri who took the throne on his father's death under suspicion of having poisoned him, was captured and briefly deposed by Muzaffar Shah I of Gujarat before being restored in 1408, and reigned until his own death in A.H.835/A.D.1432, having named his eldest son Ghazni Khan his successor.

Eldest son of Hoshang Shah, crowned at Mando two days after his father's death under the title Sultan Muhammad Ghuri; cruel toward his brothers and officers, he was fatally poisoned by his own cup-bearer at the instigation of his minister Mahmud Khan Khalji in A.H.839/A.D.1435, ending the Ghuri line of Malwa.

Minister to Ghazni Khan who had his master poisoned and seized the throne on 29 Shuval A.H.839/16 May A.D.1435 as Sultan Mahmud Khalji, founding the Khalji dynasty of Malwa; he reigned 34 years and died on the road from Kechiwara on 19 Zeekad A.H.873/27 May A.D.1469, aged 68.

Elder son of Mahmud Khalji I, who succeeded his father in 1469 and reigned peaceably for 33 years while his own son Nasiruddin managed the government; Nasiruddin stormed the fort of Mando against him on 24 Rubi al-Thani A.H.906/22 October A.D.1500, and Ghiyasuddin was found poisoned in his seraglio days later.

Son and designated heir-apparent of Ghiyasuddin Khalji, who forced his way into Mando, killed his younger brother Alla-ood-Deen and his family, and took the throne on 27 Rubi al-Thani A.H.906/25 October A.D.1500 amid accusations (which Ferishta calls unproven) of having also poisoned his father; he reigned 11 years and 4 months, dying of a fever after naming his third son Mahmud his successor.

Third son of Nasiruddin Khalji, designated successor by his father and crowned at Mando over a rival claim from his brother Sahib Khan; after prolonged wars with Gujarat, he was besieged and captured at Mando by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat on 9 Shaban A.H.932/20 May A.D.1526, and was killed with his sons five days later, ending the Khalji line.

A former Khalji-government officer who, after Humayun's occupation and withdrawal from Malwa, retook the country over twelve months of fighting Delhi's officers and crowned himself at Mando as Qadir Shah; he was later abandoned by Sher Shah Suri, fled, and was killed in a night attack by Sher Shah's governor Shujaat Khan.

Minister and relative of Sher Shah Suri, installed as governor of Malwa after Sher Shah's expedition against Qadir Shah and who defeated Qadir Shah outright in a night attack, ruling Malwa for twelve years until his death in A.H.962/A.D.1554, when his eldest son Bayezeed took charge of the government.

Eldest son of Shujaat Khan who took charge of Malwa on his father's death, murdered his brother Dowlut Khan to secure it, and was formally crowned Sultan Baz Bahadur at Mando in A.H.963/A.D.1555; he later lost Malwa to Akbar's forces and, after further reversals, entered Mughal service as an officer of two thousand horse.

Rose from a private horseman in Firuz Shah Tughluq's service to founder of Khandesh's Faruqi dynasty, and on his death in 1399 was succeeded, by his own deathbed nomination, by his son Nasir Khan.

Succeeded his father Malik Raja in 1399 by the old king's own nomination, seized Asirgarh and warred with Gujarat, Malwa and the Deccan, and died in 1437, succeeded by his son Miran Adil Khan.

Succeeded his father Nasir Khan in 1437 and sought Gujarat and Malwa aid against Deccan forces; assassinated at Burhanpur in 1441 and succeeded by his son Miran Mubarak Khan.

Succeeded his father Miran Adil Khan in 1441 and reigned without foreign conquest for seventeen years; died in 1457 and was succeeded by his eldest son Adil Khan.

Succeeded his father Miran Mubarak Khan in 1457, brought Khandesh to a prosperity it had not known before, and after refusing tribute to Gujarat and being compelled to pay it, died in 1503 leaving no son, so the throne passed to his brother Daud Khan.

Succeeded his childless brother Adil Khan in 1503 as next of kin, accepted Malwa's overlordship under military pressure, and died in 1510, when his officers placed his son Ghazni Khan on the throne.

Placed on the throne by the minister Hissam-ud-Din and the officers on his father Daud Khan's death in 1510, and was poisoned by the same minister two days later.

Installed at Burhanpur in 1510 by his maternal grandfather Mahmud Shah Begarha of Gujarat over the rival claim of Alam Khan of Ahmadnagar, and died in 1520 after a nineteen-year reign, succeeded by his son Miran Muhammad Shah.

Assumed the title of Shah at Burhanpur on hearing of his brother Miran Muhammad Shah's death in 1535, since none of his brother's children were of age, and died in 1566 after a thirty-two-year reign.

Succeeded his father Mubarak Khan in 1566 and died of a lingering fever in 1576, leaving only his minor son Hussain Khan.

Placed on the throne at Burhanpur in 1576 after the nobles deposed his late brother's minor son Hussain Khan, submitted to Akbar as a tributary, and was killed by a powder-tumbril explosion at the battle of Peitun in 1596.

Succeeded his father Raja Ali Khan in 1596 with Mughal backing, defied Akbar's later summons, and was besieged in Asirgarh, ending the Faruqi dynasty as the last independent ruler of Khandesh.

A Persian-descended Mahomedan who rose to be minister to two Hindu rajas of Kashmir, married Raja Anand Dev's widow Rani Kota Devi after defeating her army, and two days after the marriage imprisoned her and proclaimed himself king; he abdicated in favour of his two elder sons and died the same year.

Elder son of Shams-ud-din Shah Mir, he ascended the throne on his father's death but was defeated in a civil war by his younger brother Ali Sher and expelled from the kingdom, dying shortly afterward.

Younger brother of Jamshid, he seized the throne from him in a civil war and reigned as Ala-ud-din for thirteen years until his death.

Brother and successor of Ala-ud-din, the first Kashmir king to campaign abroad, invading Sind and Peshawar, before dying after a twenty-year reign.

Brother and successor of Shihab-ud-din, remembered for personally transacting public business with justice, who died after a fifteen-year reign.

Son of Qutb-ud-din, enthroned as a minor under his mother Soorut Rani's regency; he later destroyed Kashmir's Hindu temples and died of a fever after nearly twenty years, naming his son Ali as successor.

Son of Sikandar Butshikan, named heir by his dying father; deposed after seven years by his brother Shahi Khan (Zain-ul-Abidin), who defeated him with Gakkhar help.

Brother of Ali Shah, who took the throne from him by force with Gakkhar backing; a long-reigning king remembered for tolerance and public works, he died at 69 amid unresolved rivalry among his three sons.

Second son of Zain-ul-Abidin, crowned by his brother Beiram after their father's death; he fell to his death from his palace terrace after a dissolute reign of fourteen months.

Son of Haidar Shah, installed with the help of one Ahmud Ahoo; his death date is not precisely given, after a reign the chronicler puts at about nineteen years.

Son of Hasan Shah, raised to the throne at age seven by the regent Syud Hussun; he was deposed and restored across several reigns amid contests with Fath Shah, and was finally deposed by his own minister Mullik Atchy in favour of his son Ibrahim.

Grandson of Zain-ul-Abidin, who seized the throne after Muhammad Shah was abandoned by his own troops; he alternated the crown with Muhammad Shah across two reigns and died in exile in Hindustan.

Son of Muhammad Shah, installed by the minister Mullik Atchy after his father's fourth deposition; defeated at the Battle of Sullah by a Delhi army backing his own son Nazuk, after which the chronicler records no further account of him.

Son of Ibrahim Shah and grandson of Muhammad Shah, placed on the throne by a Delhi army after the Battle of Sullah; restored as a figurehead under Mirza Haidar Doghlat's Mughal occupation from 1540 and deposed a second time in 1552 in favour of his brother Ibrahim.

Brother of Nazuk Shah, raised to the throne by Dowlut Chuk's faction after Nazuk's second deposition; deposed and blinded some five months later by Ghazi Khan Chak's rival faction.

Brother of Ibrahim II, installed on the throne by Ghazi Khan Chak after Ibrahim's blinding; he died two years later and was succeeded by his own son.

Son of Ismail Shah II, placed on the throne on his father's death; imprisoned some years later when Ghazi Khan Chak declared himself king.

Chak chieftain who imprisoned Habib Shah and had himself proclaimed king; afflicted with leprosy through his reign, he abdicated in his brother Husain's favour after about four years.

Brother of Ghazi Shah Chak, who succeeded by his brother's abdication; after his ambassadors' execution by Akbar and the return of his daughter unmarried, he was deserted by his court, compelled to abdicate to his brother Ali, and died of dysentery months later.

Brother of Husain Shah Chak, formally crowned on his death; his reign of nine years ended when he died in a fall from his horse.

Son of Ali Shah Chak, who succeeded him and later sought Akbar's aid against a rival Chak faction; repeatedly deposed and restored, he was ultimately drawn to Akbar's court and detained there while his own son held the throne.

Son of Yusuf Shah Chak, who took the throne in Kashmir when his father was detained at Akbar's court; after resisting Akbar's invading army for two years he was captured and enrolled, with his father, among the Mughal nobility, ending Kashmir's independence.

Dowager-queen and mother of Sikandar Butshikan, she exercised supreme control of the government during his minority.

A eunuch minister of the Delhi sultan Muhammad Shah (son of Firuz Shah Tughluq), he was made governor of the eastern provinces in 1394 with the title Malik al-Sharq, made Jaunpur his capital, and used Delhi's disorder to proclaim independence, founding the Sharqi line; he died in office in 1399.

The adopted son of Malik Sarwar, he succeeded him in 1399 and, with his officers' consent, was the first of the line to strike coin and have the khutba read in his own name as king; he died after an eighteen-month reign in 1401.

The younger brother of Mubarak Shah, he was elevated to the throne on Mubarak's death in 1401, made Jaunpur a noted seat of learning, took Kanauj and Sambhal from Delhi, and died of illness in 1440 after a reign of more than forty years.

The eldest son of Ibrahim Shah, he succeeded him in 1440, campaigned repeatedly against Delhi under Bahlul Lodi, and died of a sudden illness in camp in 1457 after a twenty-year reign.

The eldest son of Mahmud Shah, proclaimed king as Muhammad Shurky in 1457, he had his brother Hussun Khan murdered, drove his mother and remaining brothers into revolt, and was killed by an arrow while fleeing his brother Husain's forces after a reign of five months.

A brother of Muhammad Shah, he proclaimed himself king at Kanauj before Muhammad Shah's death and took the throne by force in the ensuing civil war; he later campaigned against Delhi and Orissa, was finally defeated by Bahlul and Sikandar Lodi, and lost Jaunpur to Delhi in 1476, ending the dynasty.

One Bosworth chapter covers two lines under one span, 739-996/1339-1588: the Shah Mir line to Habib Shah's deposition (964-8/1557-61), then the Chak dynasty from Ghazi Khan Chak (968/1561) to the 'Definitive Mughal conquest' in 996/1588.

Bosworth labels Khandesh 'the north-west Deccan', so the existing 'The Deccan' Atlas node was used rather than leaving it null — flag if the Atlas pass wants a separate Khandesh/Gujarat-Malwa borderland node instead.

From Malik Sarwar's assumption of virtual rule as Malik al-Sharq, 796/1394, to the Delhi Sultanate's (Lodi) conquest, 888/1483, per Bosworth's table and prose.

No existing Atlas Regional Divisions node fits Malwa (central India/Madhya Pradesh) — the branch has Northern India, Rajasthan, The Deccan, Bengal & Eastern India, Gujarat & Western India, Kashmir, Punjab & Northwest, Southern Sultanates, Coastal Regions and nothing for the central plateau.

Bosworth's manual heads the dynasty's main span 806-980/1403-1573 (Tātār Khān's/Muẓaffar Khān's reigns to the Mughal conquest), but prints the family's governorship from 793/1391 and a second reign for Muẓaffar Shāh III at 991-1001/1583-1593 after the conquest, which the archive should decide whether to treat as restoration or coda.

Father 'Hussun' is named only as son of Nasir Khan; he is not himself attested as ruling and is not entered in people.

Beeby Rajy, the Dowager-queen, named explicitly as Mahomed Shah's mother; she is not on the ruler list and has no succession record of her own.

A delta kingdom that beat the Delhi Sultanate twice, sent embassies to Ming China, minted the taka, and built the largest mosque in the subcontinent. Its throne passed through five unrelated dynasties — Turkic, Afghan, a converted Hindu raja's son, four Abyssinian former slaves, and an Arab wazir who murdered the last of them. Its capital was, by one count, the fifth-largest city on earth; by a better one, a fifth that size. The archive prefers the smaller figure and says why.