Person · r. 1782 – 1799

Tipu Sultan

ٹیپو سلطان

said TEE-poo sul-TAAN /ˈʈiːpuː sʊlˈtaːn/

The Tiger of Mysore — who fielded iron rockets against the East India Company, sought an Ottoman investiture, and died on the wall of his own capital.

Draft. This entry is an unreviewed first draft. It has not yet been checked by a subject reviewer — see sources and method.

Rockets

Mysore’s army used iron-cased rockets in numbers, and used them well — at Pollilur in 1780 they broke a Company force badly. Captured examples were taken to the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, where they informed William Congreve’s rocket work. It is one of the few clear cases of a military technology travelling from India into Europe rather than the reverse.

Legitimacy, and its limits

Tipu sent an embassy to Constantinople seeking recognition from the Ottoman sultan as caliph, struck coins and a calendar on his own reckoning, and corresponded with revolutionary France. He was building a claim to sovereignty that did not run through Delhi.

It did not hold. In the Third War the **Nizam of Hyderabad** and the Marathas joined the Company against him — the reason this entry connects to the rest of this corpus at all. He lost half his territory in 1792, and his life in 1799.

The last day

Srirangapatna was stormed on 4 May 1799. Tipu was killed in the breach, fighting; the account that he was offered surrender and refused is contemporary and credible. He is among the very few Indian rulers of the period who died in arms rather than in negotiation, which is a large part of why the argument about him has never settled.

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